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REIT:Real Estate Investment Trusts InvIT:Infrastructure Investment Trusts These are listed on stock exchanges.They can issue Debt Securities. According to Securities and Exchange Board of India(SEBI),Debt Securities means non-convertible debt securities which create or acknowledge indebtedness and include debentures,bonds and such other securities of a corporate or a Trust registered with SEBI as InvIT and REITs.However it excludes bonds issued by the government,security receipts and securitised debt instruments.

The term's origin is attributed to the 1995 paper "Currency Crises and Collapses" authored by Rudiger Dornbusch and others. This refers to the abrupt stop in the flow of foreign capital into an economy,which imperils its ability to pay for its external trade and financial needs.The sudden stop usually comes in the aftermath of a financial or economic crisis that causes investors to turn cautious about investing in an economy,which in turn further aggravates the severity of the ongoing crisis.It is emerging market economies that have generally been the victims of sudden stops when foreign investors as a whole abruptly stop the supply of capital.

Arthur Lewis -A pioneer in development economics in the post WWII years,who studied the patterns of growth in developing economies.He visualised sectoral shifts in production through relocation.In the early stages of industrialisation,there would be 'unlimited labour supply',which would be absorbed by industries and there would be no upwarrd pressure on wages.But,as the industrial sector develops to the point where supply of labour from agriculture shrinks,industrial wages will begin to rise.This stage is referred to as the 'Lewisian Turning Point'(TP). Gary Becker -Worked on the role of education in society,especially the behaviour of individuals in making economic decisions.In his early writings,Becker emphasised the impact of education in life.He drew attention to educated women limiting family size to be able to give better education to children.Later he shifted attention to other areas,especially human capital.His seminal work revealed that the substantial growt...

The Japanese government in April'17  granted cryptocurrencies legal status as a means of settlement and in September'17 officially recognised 11 digital currencies exchanges. Crypto coins are not produced by any central authority such as RBI.These currencies like Monero and Bitcoin are created by computeer codes,solving complex math problems.The process requires huge amount of computing power. By incorporating piece of code into a website,cyber crooks use the laptop or mobile device of the website's visitors to 'mine' cryptocurrencies without their knowledge.The mining process can start quickly and quietly in the browser without anyone noticing.

The FRDI Bill is intended to lay down the rules on how the problem should be resolved when a bank(or any other financial firm)defaults on its payments.Indian laws relating to bank failure are fragmented.This Bill unifies them and lays down a standard procedure.The Bill asks the government to set up a new Resolution Corporation(RC) to monitor banks to spot early signs of trouble and quickly resolve them.In case a bank is 'critical',the RC can try to rescue it through various methods.A bail-in is one of the options. In the past,when large financial firms failed in India,they were either rescued by the Government pumping in money(UTI's US-64)or by the RBI merging the ailing firm with a healthy one(Global Trust Bank with Oriental Bank of Commerce).A bail-in is a solution wherein the bank's own lenders are asked to make sacrifices to keep the bank running,instead of the Government pumping in taxpayer money.The bail-in clause allows the RC to cancel any of the bank's du...